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It is worth to mention that the SCGD system was also successfully used for generation of the volatile species of Os and I that were subsequently introduced to an ICP-OES spectrometer. Furthermore, they found that the intensity of the Hg emission line was even higher by a factor of 2–3 in the presence of low molecular weight organic acids and alcohols added to the sample solution. Under the influence of the discharge, the Hg cold vapor was generated from the sample solution and swept by an Ar flow into the ICP torch, resulting in a 16-fold improvement of the analytical signal. combined ICP-OES with SCGD for the determination of Hg as well.
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As compared to conventional PN-ICP-OES, the response of most of the studied elements in the ELCAD-ICP-OES coupled system was apparently lower however, in the case of Hg, the intensity of the Hg I at 253.7 nm emission line was 17 times higher, likely due to Hg cold vapor generation. In this approach, the electric discharge was generated in contact with an analyzed bulky sample solution, and the resulted aerosol flux, containing water vapor and sputtered elements atoms, was subsequently transferred into the ICP torch in order to investigate the sputtering mechanism of the liquid cathode. įor the first time, an ICP spectrometer was combined with an ELCAD system by Cserfalvi and Mezei in 2005. Relatively new approaches, based on electric discharge phenomena, are also increasingly appreciated, including dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), electrolyte-as-cathode glow discharge (ELCAD), and other ELCAD-derived microplasmas, e.g., solution cathode glow discharge (SCGD). Therefore, it is not surprising that alternative sample introduction techniques are being developed, e.g., ultrasonic nebulization (USN), hydride generation (HG), and photochemical vapor generation (PVG). The best-known and conventionally applied sample introduction system, based on pneumatic nebulization (PN), provides a quite low transport efficiency of analytes into a plasma source (typically up to 5%).
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Unfortunately, ICP-OES is not free from weaknesses, which mainly include the way the sample is introduced into the ICP spectrometer. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) is one of the most widely used analytical methods for multi-element analysis of liquid samples due to the high precision of measurements, broad linearity ranges of calibration curves, and low limits of detection (LODs) for the majority of elements. The system presented herein was distinguished from other competitive APGD-type discharges because it could be successfully used for the determination of a vast group of elements, including alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, and non-metals. It was especially evident in the case of Hg for which a 8.6-fold signal enhancement in the presence of HCOOH was noticed. It was also shown that in the case of B and some elements that are known to form different volatile species (Ag, Bi, Cd, Hg, Os, Pb, and Se), the presence of low molecular weight organic compounds in the sample solution, i.e., CH 3OH, C 2H 5OH, HCOOH, CH 3COOH, or HCHO, resulted in the additional enhancement of their signals. Moreover, in the case of I and Y, the observed signal enhancements were even higher, i.e., 6.2 and 6.1 times, respectively. Under the optimal operating conditions of HDC-APGD, intensities of emission lines of studied elements were, on average, 2 times higher as compared to those obtained with conventional pneumatic nebulization (PN). This resulted in a very high transport efficiency of analytes from the sample solution into the ICP torch (usually > 80%).
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The developed arrangement was characterized by a low sample uptake (0.56 mL min −1) and the fact that the entire sample solution volume was consumed by the discharge. This work reports the use of hanging drop cathode-atmospheric pressure glow discharge (HDC-APGD) as a new method of sample introduction for inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).